Infra red systems used in military

Military use infrared systems for night operation. Infra red systems used in military are provided with additional infra red illuminators. The advantages of these systems are low background contrast and limited range. In these systems, very fast and highly sensitive infra red detectors and electro-optical scanners are used. Display of infra red systems is very much similar to TV display. Two popular military infra red systems are infra red line scanner system and forward looking infra red system. Infra red line scanner system is used for the production of imagery of the terrain over flown. Here scanning of ground is carried out in narrow strips at right angles to the line of flight of the motion of aircraft followed by recording on a film. Forward looking infra red systems are often used with radar and can perform multi sensor operations. Some other infra red systems used in military are cyclone airbone infra red reconnaissance system, TA-7M2 aerial camera, FFV UNI reconnaissance pod, vinten airbone camera, Minisan camera, pave spike video film recorders, return beam vidicon camera, laser beam image reproducer and laser radar recorder.

Photorespiration

Plants undergo respiratory processes like animals and microorganisms. Plants can degrade carbohydrates by means of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Plants are also capable of catalyzing the general reactions of protein and amino acid metabolism. The organelles which support these reactions in plant cell are microsomes, mitochondria and cytoplasm. On illumination, plants undergo an additional metabolic activity.  This is known as photorespiration. This process is opposite to photosynthesis and decreases plant growth and crop yield. Photorespiration arises in plants when rubisco catalyzes the oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate. Photorespiration produces adverse effects in crops like wheet, rice, legumes and sugar. Therefore for better yields, photorespiration has to be stopped. Researchers are struggling hard to develop methods to stop photorespiration and to enhance photosynthesis.

Igneous rocks

Magma is a material present in the earth's crust, at depths between 10-100 km. It is generated by local heating and melting of rocks. Magma upon cooling, solidifies and crystallizes into a mosaic of minerals. These minerals are known as igneous rocks. Volcanic eruptions can also produce igneous rocks. A volcano is created when magma is extruded onto the earth's surface. Magma which creates a volcano is known as extrusive igneous rocks. Magma which gets solidified below the surface of the earth is known as intrusive igneous rock. The minerals contained in igneous rocks are quartz, feldspar, muscovite, biotite and mafics. The most abundant igneous rocks are granite and basalt. Some other examples for igneous rocks are Rhyolite, andesite, dolerite, diorite, gabbro and porphyry.